Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. By explaining a specific maneuver in greater detail or offering some additional encouragement, the instructor may be able to alleviate some of the students stress, To help students manage the accumulation of life stresses and prevent stress overload, instructors can recommend several techniques. The four-engine Dash 7 was [Figure 8-7], An understanding of the decision-making process provides students with a foundation for developing ADM skills. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit When students begin flight training, they bring with them their interests, enthusiasms, fears, and troubles. A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then is distinguished through insight and experience. This reporter, a commuter pilot who The FAA has established a policy for use of certain distractions on practical tests for pilot certification. A radio enables the instructor to terminate the solo operation if he or she observes a situation developing. often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved. In addition, avoiding stressful situations and encounters can help pilots cope with stress, To make informed decisions during flight operations, students must be made aware of the resources found both inside and outside the flight deck. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. With potentially hazardous or difficult maneuvers, the instructor should be alert and ready to take control at any time. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board by flight attendants during the sterile cockpit period can be distracting and to know you" sort of chat. engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care, and the application of the sterile cockpit concept to the OR has been suggested. It is important the flight instructor not only teach the concept of a sterile cockpit, but also model such behavior during flight instruction, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) statistics reveal that most stall/spin accidents occurred when the pilots attention was diverted from the primary task of flying the aircraft. This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. By noticing this discrepancy, she has recognized a change. surgery would think too kindly of the surgical team who failed to sterilize As workload increases, attention cannot be devoted to several tasks at one time, and the pilot may begin to focus on one item. to the top of the article, Click Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? Other examples of SBT can have the instructor adding undesired landing sites for balloon student pilots, rope breaks for glider students, and radio outages for instrument airplane students. The ability to ride on an air carrier's By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used. a very fine elucidation. In this case, the students knowledge of the aircraft, the POH, an instructor or other experienced pilot, or an AMT can be a resource which may help define the problem, During cross-country training, students may be asked to consider the following situation. For more information on how to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/tracon/anchorage/pilots_info/mca/, Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. airmanship in not monitoring altitude and course information. Several reports we examined indicate that problems arose when non-pertinent company radio calls and PA announcements Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. Sixty percent of stall/spin accidents occurred during takeoff and landing, and twenty percent were preceded by engine failure. To ensure the solo flight is a positive, confidence-building experience for the student, the flight instructor needs to consider time of day when scheduling the flight. The actions to be taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly different. reasons of great urgency. Stalls, landings, or an impending solo flight may cause concern. . Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. FAR 121.542, often referred to as the "Sterile Cockpit Rule", reads: (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. In some cases, the student is not able to meet the proficiency level specified in the lesson objectives within the allotted time. accidents. If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. With a little arm twisting I convinced him . or pointing out sights of interest and filling out company payroll and Air traffic controllers, take notice: Distractions caused by flight attendants and serious incidents that perhaps could have been prevented. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? This demonstration should in no instance be less than the complete procedure prescribed in the applicable PTS, When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days. Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. area, the Captain in the following report called on the company radio frequency This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. This is why once an initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the pilots conclusion is correct, While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the time she originally calculated. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. Where introduced, these proactive moves have been widely adhered to and recognised as a valuable contribution to operational flight safety. If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. We carefully reviewed 63 reports that had been previously coded flight is above or below 10,000 feet. to find specific examples of problems related to non-compliance with the sterile Traffic pattern congestion, change in active runway, or unexpected crosswinds are challenges the student masters individually before being able to perform them collectively, SBT lends itself well to visualization techniques. An assessment should provide direction and guidance to raise the level of performance. Here is a The published minimum altitude at the area Mental habits begin to form with repetition of the instructions previously received. This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. From the start of flight training, the instructor must ensure students develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. Was the student uncomfortable or tired during the flight? related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. How can a flight instructor ensure the safety of flight training activities, and also train clients to operate their aircraft safely after they leave the relatively protected flight training environment? To hold the students interest and to maintain the motivation necessary for efficient learning, well-planned, appropriate, and accurate instruction must be provided. [Figure 8-1] The application of outmoded instructional procedures or the preparation of students using obsolete certification requirements is inexcusable. runway! Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. A student may show an initial tendency to move the bar in the direction of the desired turn. [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the After a series be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . For example, if the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. items totally unrelated to flying. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. was extraneous conversation between cockpit crew members. of the reports in our data set. Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. As discussed in the section on flight instructor qualifications, instructors must be familiar with the components of each aircraft in which they instruct to ensure students understand the operation of the equipment, Checklists are essential flight deck resources for verifying that the aircraft instruments and systems are checked, set, and operating properly, as well as ensuring that the proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or inflight emergency. of impact was 1,200 feet MSL. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. These regulations are comprehensive, but there has been increasing recognition that even the strictest compliance with regulations may not be sufficient to guarantee safety. This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. In briefing It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related, By taking a system approach to aviation safety, flight instructors interweave aeronautical knowledge, aircraft control skills, ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM into the training process, Historically, the term "pilot error" has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. On the positive side, the pilot made a precautionary landing at a time and place of his choosing. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route.
