James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. endobj Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. ed. 1848. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. 1846. That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. Surely its meaningful that the present editors of this journal, Nick Cullather and Anne Foster, are both historians of the Philippines. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. 3 (1933): 44874. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. . The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. 15. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. They hung on classroom walls. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 9. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. Also available in digital form. Yet annexation did take place. Gadsden Purchase. Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. An acquisition occurs when a buying company . It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). - 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. Also available in digital form. 42. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. 11. Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. 7. <> assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico Today, we are in a similar position. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of Texas. 36. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. 36. J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. 1. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. This was not a freak event. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. ch. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. 4. Bicknell, Edward. 1. All instructions are in the template file. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. endobj DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. 15. The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. Pdf. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S.
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